Comparative Bioprofiling of Chlorella vulgaris Powders: Links between Composition, Particle Size, and Physiological Activity

Author : Lubomir Makedonski

Abstract :Chlorella vulgaris is a nutrient-rich microalga with proven antioxidant, anti inflammatory, and metabolic-regulatory properties, making it a promising ingredient for functional food formulations. This study compared two commercial C. vulgaris powders from India (Sample 1) and the UK (Sample 2) with respect to particle size, metabolite composition, and biological activity. Sample 1 exhibited f iner particles, whereas Sample 2 was coarser. GC–MS profiling revealed distinct metabolite fingerprints: Sample 1 contained higher levels of saturated fatty acids, β-sitosterol, β-amyrin, and glucitol, while Sample 2 was enriched in unsaturated fatty acids, betulin, salicylic acid, and complex carbohydrates. In vitro assays showed stronger inhibition of albumin denaturation by Sample 1 compared with Sample 2 and prednisolone. Ex vivo experiments demonstrated that both samples induced tonic contraction of gastric smooth muscle through muscarinic acetylcholine receptors and L-type calcium channels, with a more pronounced response for Sample 1. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed broader IL-1β upregulation with Sample 1 and localized nNOS modulation with Sample 2. Overall, these results indicate that both composition and particle size critically determine the biological effects of C. vulgaris, supporting its targeted use in digestive, neuroimmune, and cardiometabolic health.

Keywords :Albumin denaturation, functional foods, gastric smooth muscle, GC–MS profiling, IL 1β, L-type calcium channels, microalgae, muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, nNOS, particle size.

Conference Name :International Conference on Environmental Health and Safety (ICOEHS-25)

Conference Place Istanbul, Turkey

Conference Date 16th Dec 2025